EE481 - Microwave Engineering

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K. W. Whites EE 481 Course Syllabus Page 1 of 3 South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Revised 9/2/08
EE 481
Microwave Engineering
Fall 2008
Instructor
: Dr. Keith W. Whites Office: 317 Electrical Engineering/Physics (EEP) Building Email: whites@sdsmt.edu Web: http://whites.sdsmt.edu Office hours: MWF 3:00-4:00 PM To contact the instructor, please use e-mail rather than the telephone. All e-mail will be answered. The instructor will be available for assistance during the hours listed above, as well as other times when the office door is open.
Catalog Description
: (3-1) 4 credits. Prerequisite: 382 completed or concurrent. Presentation of basic principles, characteristics, and applications of microwave devices and systems. Development of techniques for analysis and design of microwave circuits.
Time and Location
: The lectures for this course will meet Monday, Wednesday, and Friday from 10:00-10:50 AM in room 251B EEP. Laboratory work will be performed in 230 EEP. There is no common laboratory time for this course.
Course Reference Materials
: The required materials for this course are
•
D. M. Pozar,
Microwave Engineering
, New York: John Wiley & Sons, third ed., 2004, which is available at the SDSMT Bookstore.
•
Additionally, the lecture notes K. W. Whites,
EE 481 Microwave Engineering Lecture Notes
, 2008, are available from the course web page.
Grading
: 30 % – Two exams 30 % – Laboratory 20 % – Homework 20 % – Final exam
Homework Policy
: One homework set will generally be assigned each week. These homework assignments are to be turned in at the beginning of the class period on the due date. Late homework will be assessed a 10% per calendar day reduction in points.
Labwork Policy
: Near the middle of the semester, we will begin the first of approximately four to five labs for the course. These will involve the design, construction, and measurement of passive and active microwave circuits. The labs will also require the simulation of your circuits using Advanced Design System (ADS) from Agilent Technologies. Measurements will be performed in the
Laboratory for Applied Electromagnetics and Communications
(LAEC) located in room 230 EEP using Agilent 8753ES vector network analyzers. Laboratory work will be performed in pairs of students and open lab hours will be posted. Late lab reports will be assessed a 10% per calendar day reduction in points.
Exam Policy
: The exams will be closed book and closed notes with no formula sheets. Using or referring to equations stored in a calculator is not allowed, even if these equations come pre- programmed into the calculator. If you feel an exam problem was graded incorrectly, it must be
EE 481
Microwave Engineering
Lecture Notes
Keith W. Whites
Fall 2008
Laboratory for Applied Electromagnetics and Communications Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering South Dakota School of Mines and Technology
© 2008 Keith W. Whites
Whites, EE 481 Lecture 1 Page 1 of 5© 2008 Keith W. Whites
Lecture 1: Introduction. Overview of Pertinent Electromagnetics.
In this microwave engineering course, we will focus primarily on electrical circuits operating at frequencies of 1 GHz and higher. In terms of band designations, we will be working with circuits
above
UHF:
Band Frequency
R F R e g i o n
HF 3 MHz-30 MHz VHF 30 MHz-300 MHz UHF 300 MHz-1 GHz
M i c r o w a v e R e g i o n (
λ
= 3 0 c m t o 8 m m)
L 1-2 GHz S 2-4 GHz C 4-8 GHz X 8-12 GHz Ku 12-18 GHz K 18-27 GHz Ka 27-40 GHz
M i l l i m e t e r W a v e R e g i o n
V 40-75 GHz W 75-110 GHz mm 110-300 GHz
RF, microwave and millimeter wave circuit design and construction is far more complicated than low frequency work. So why do it?
Whites, EE 481 Lecture 1 Page 2 of 5
Advantages of microwave circuits: 1.
The
gain of certain antennas
increases (with reference to an isotropic radiator) with its electrical size. Therefore, one can construct high gain antennas at microwave frequencies that are physically small. (DBS, for example.) 2.
More bandwidth
. A 1% bandwidth, for example, provides more frequency range at microwave frequencies that at HF. 3.
Microwave signals
travel
predominately by
line of sight
. Plus, they don’t reflect off the ionosphere like HF signals do. Consequently, communication links between (and among) satellites and terrestrial stations are possible. 4.
At microwave frequencies, the electromagnetic
properties
of many materials are
changing with frequency
. This is due to molecular, atomic and nuclear resonances. This behavior is useful for remote sensing and other applications. 5.
There is
much less background noise
at microwave frequencies than at RF. Examples of commercial products involving microwave circuits include wireless data networks [Bluetooth, WiFi (IEEE Standard 802.11), WiMax (IEEE Standard 802.16), ZigBee], GPS, cellular telephones, etc. Can you think of some others?
Whites, EE 481 Lecture 2 Page 1 of 12© 2008 Keith W. Whites
Lecture 2: Telegrapher Equations For Transmission Lines. Power Flow.
Microstrip is one method for making electrical connections in a microwave circuit. It is constructed with a ground plane on one side of a PCB and lands on the other:
ε
Microstrip is an example of a transmission line, though technically it is only an approximate model for microstrip, as we will see later in this course. Why TLs? Imagine two ICs are connected together as shown:
A B
When the voltage at A changes state, does that new voltage appear at B instantaneously? No, of course not. If these two points are separated by a large electrical distance, there will be a propagation delay as the change in state(electrical signal) travels to B. Not an instantaneous effect.
Whites, EE 481 Lecture 2 Page 2 of 12
In microwave circuits, even distances as small as a few inches may be “far” and the propagation delay for a voltage signal to appear at another IC may be significant. This propagation of voltage signals is modeled as a“
transmission line
” (
TL
). We will see that voltage and current can propagate along a TL as
waves
! Fantastic. The transmission line model can be used to solve many, many types of high frequency problems, either exactly or approximately:
•
Coaxial cable.
•
Two-wire.
•
Microstrip, stripline, coplanar waveguide, etc. All true TLs share one common characteristic: the
E
and
H
fields are all perpendicular to the direction of propagation, which is the long axis of the geometry. These are called TEM fields for transverse electric and magnetic fields. An excellent example of a TL is a coaxial cable. On a TL, the voltage and current vary along the structure in time
t
and spatially in the
z
direction, as indicated in the figure below. There are no instantaneous effects.
Whites, EE 481 Lecture 2 Page 3 of 12
E E z
Δ
H
Fig. 1
A common circuit symbol for a TL is the two-wire (parallel) symbol to indicate any transmission line. For example, the equivalent circuit for the coaxial structure shown above is:
Analysis of Transmission Lines
On a TL, the voltage and current vary along the structure in time(
t
) and in distance (
z
), as indicated in the figure above. There are no instantaneous effects.
( )
,
i z t
( )
,
i z t z
( )
,
v z t
+-

# EE481 - Microwave Engineering

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